Overview

The Signal Transduction Research Blend is specifically formulated for investigators focused on the molecular mechanisms by which peptides influence gene expression, extending beyond conventional receptor-ligand interactions. This product provides a unique combination of peptides that leverage "moonlighting" protein functions (TB500) and potent epigenetic modulators (GHK-Cu and BPC-157). The blend's primary utility is in research requiring precise, non-toxic modulation of genetic pathways related to tissue maintenance, oxidative stress response, and angiogenesis.

Product: Signal Transduction Research Blend

Focus: The "Moonlighting" proteins and genetic modulation.

Intended Use: Genomic analysis, PCR studies, and research into the molecular basis of tissue regeneration.

Disclaimer: Research Use Only. Not for human or animal therapeutic use.

Key Components and Mechanisms of Genetic Action

This blend comprises three peptides, each selected for its distinct and well-documented influence on the cellular transcriptome.

Component

Primary Function

Genetic Modulation Focus

TB500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

Actin-sequestering "Moonlighting" Protein

Actin Regulation, Cell Motility

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)

Epigenetic Regulator, Antioxidant

Antioxidant Enzymes, DNA Repair

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound)

Stabilizing Gastric Pentadecapeptide

Vascular Factors, Growth Signaling

Targeted Genetic Pathways

The components of the Signal Transduction Research Blend are known to modify the expression of critical gene sets.

1. Actin Regulation and Cell Motility (Primary Modulator: TB500)

TB500, or Thymosin Beta-4, is a central regulator of the cytoskeleton. Its mechanism involves binding to G-actin monomers, preventing their polymerization into F-actin filaments. This dynamic control over the G-actin pool dictates cell structure and motility. In the context of genetic modulation, TB500 modifies the expression of genes responsible for cytoskeletal organization and cell motility.

• Target Genes/Processes:
• Actin-Related Protein 2/3 complex (ARP2/3): Involved in the initiation of actin branching.
• Cofilin: Regulates actin filament disassembly.
• Cell Migration Genes: Upregulation of genes facilitating cell migration and wound healing, critical for tissue regeneration studies.

2. Antioxidant and Stress Response Enzymes (Primary Modulator: GHK-Cu)

GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper) exerts its biological effects through epigenetic regulation, including modulating the expression of numerous genes. Its copper-delivery function is critical for various enzymatic reactions. GHK-Cu upregulates the genetic expression of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione-related enzymes, vital for mitigating oxidative stress.

• Target Genes/Processes:
• Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): A key enzyme in neutralizing free radicals.
• Glutathione Reductase/Synthase: Enzymes involved in the synthesis and regeneration of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant.
• DNA Repair Genes: Modulation of genes like MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinases) and specific heat shock proteins.

3. Angiogenesis and Vascular Factors (Primary Modulator: BPC-157)

BPC-157 is a synthetically produced peptide fragment of Body Protection Compound, originally isolated from human gastric juice. Its potent pro-angiogenic activity is mediated by specific gene signaling. BPC-157 modulates the expression of EGR-1 and VEGFR2 to drive angiogenesis.

• Target Genes/Processes:
• Early Growth Response 1 (EGR-1): An immediate-early gene that regulates the transcription of many growth factors and receptors.
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2): The primary receptor for VEGF, central to the initiation and regulation of new blood vessel formation.

Genomic Analysis Data Visualization

This section provides a representation of expected gene expression changes following administration of the Signal Transduction Research Blend in a relevant in vitro or in vivo model.

[A microarray heat map showing a distinct pattern of gene expression changes across several key pathways (cytoskeleton, angiogenesis, antioxidant defense) in a cell culture treated with the research blend compared to a control group.]

Methodology Guidance for Researchers

For studies involving the Signal Transduction Research Blend, the following analytical approaches are recommended:

A. Genomic Analysis & PCR Studies

Research Method

Rationale

Expected Outcome

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Precise measurement of specific gene expression levels (e.g., SOD1, VEGFR2) to validate the blend's effects.

Differential expression (up/downregulation) of targeted genes compared to control.

Microarray/RNA Sequencing

Global, unbiased analysis of the entire transcriptome to identify novel pathways influenced by the blend.

Identification of unique gene signatures activated by the combined peptide blend.

Western Blotting

Confirmation that genetic changes translate into changes in protein abundance.

Correlated changes in protein levels of SOD, Cofilin, and phosphorylated VEGFR2.

B. Suggested Experimental Design

Researchers are advised to include both single-agent control groups (TB500 only, GHK-Cu only, BPC-157 only) and the full blend group to distinguish synergistic effects from individual contributions.

Model System: Place (e.g., Primary Human Fibroblasts, Murine Ischemic Flap Model)

Concentration Range: Optimal dosing for in vitro studies typically falls within the Date-100 nM range for these peptides.

Duration of Treatment: Gene expression studies often require treatment periods between 6 and 72 hours, depending on the target gene's turnover rate.

References and Resources

Further detailed protocols and analysis techniques for using this blend in genetic research can be found in the accompanying technical literature:

• TB500 Genetic Profiling Study: File
• GHK-Cu Epigenetic Regulation Review: File

Ordering and Contact Information

For technical inquiries or to place an order, please contact the Research Services team:

• Contact Person: Person
• Email: research.services@Person.edu
• Location: Place

Synergistic Potential of the Blend

While each peptide offers a distinct mechanism of genetic modulation, the combination in the Signal Transduction Research Blend is hypothesized to elicit synergistic or additive effects, particularly in complex biological processes like tissue repair and stress mitigation.

1. Interplay in Wound Healing:

• TB500 drives cell migration and cytoskeletal reorganization, facilitating the physical movement of cells into the injury site.
• BPC-157 simultaneously promotes the necessary vascular supply (angiogenesis) by upregulating VEGFR2, ensuring that migrating cells have the oxygen and nutrients needed for proliferation and matrix deposition.

2. Combined Oxidative Stress Defense:

• GHK-Cu directly upregulates core antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Glutathione pathway) at the genetic level, enhancing the cell's internal defense capacity.
• BPC-157 has documented anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects that complement the antioxidant action of GHK-Cu, potentially stabilizing cell membranes and mitochondrial function under stress.

Synergistic Focus Area

Components Involved

Mechanism of Synergy

Tissue Remodeling

TB500, BPC-157

TB500 provides cell mobility; BPC-157 ensures critical vascularization and growth factor signaling for effective tissue formation.

Cellular Protection

GHK-Cu, BPC-157

GHK-Cu enhances intrinsic antioxidant capacity; BPC-157 provides systemic cytoprotection and reduces inflammation, amplifying the protective effect.

Storage and Handling

To ensure the integrity and biological activity of the lyophilized peptides:

• Storage: Store the blend lyophilized (powder) form at -20°C.
• Reconstitution: Reconstitute using sterile, bacteriostatic water or a buffered saline solution.
• Working Solution: Once reconstituted, solutions should be stored at 4°C and used within two weeks to minimize degradation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.